Or, if one wanted to model that relationship, a categorical regression analysis could be implemented. I Given the rst input x 1, the posterior probability of its class being g 1 is Pr(G = g 1 |X = x 1). p + stat_smooth(method = "lm", formula = y ~ x + I(x^2), size = 1) We could achieve the same results using orthogonal polynomials, in this case with a second order (quadratic) polynomial. We can go back to a linear model, but change the formula to include a squared term for x (which is horse power here). Dividing the model Chi-square by the null log-likelihood value gives us one measure of the pseudo R-square (note that there is no exact way to compute the R-square value with a logistic regression model). To add a linear regression line to a scatter plot, add stat_smooth () and tell it to use method = lm. The one we will be using generates the relationship between our variables in the code itself. 504), Mobile app infrastructure being decommissioned, Rotating and spacing axis labels in ggplot2, adding a legend to a plot of data with unequal length vectors in ggplot2, ggplot2 show legends with geom_abline and geom_smooth, Simple ggplot2 situation with colors and legend, How to draw logistic growth curve on my ggplot. . The intercept is the y value when x is zero. geom, stat: Use to override the default connection between geom_smooth() and stat_smooth(). ggplot (nest,aes (x=shrubcover, y=nestattacked)) + geom_smooth (method = glm, method.args= list (family= "binomial" )) This method utilises the geom_smooth () function we were using for our linear model. we are seeking a model of the form Y = a + bX. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. If the p-value is small then we can reject the null hypothesis that the current model does not improve on the base model. See fortify() for which variables will be created. Display the results. Still, they're an essential element and means for identifying potential problems of any statistical model. I Denote p k(x i;) = Pr(G = k |X = x i;). For example, the residuals from a linear regression model should be homoscedastic. One easy way to map the levels is to use the mapLevels function from the package gdata. fullrange. The function geom_smooth() has a nonlinear least squares method that allows you to input the same formula as in the nls() command above. How does DNS work when it comes to addresses after slash? In fact, some statisticians recommend avoiding publishing R2 since it can be misinterpreted in a logistic model context. Conclusion. This pseudo p-value is also called the likelihood ratio p-value. whether or not the county borders the ocean or not). 5.4 Poisson Regression. the model with the Income predictor variable) to be smaller than that of the null model. Usage Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain! where p is the probability of y occurring given a value x. (clarification of a documentary), Position where neither player can force an *exact* outcome. In the first equation, fraction \(\frac{p}{1-p}\) is referred to as the odds ratio which gives us the odds in favor of a yes (or 1 when represented using binomial values). Woops, I meant to say family = "binomial" instead of family = "poisson". But what if we are interested in flipping the relationship? To assess how well a logistic model fits the data, we make use of the log-likelihood method (this is similar to the Pearsons correlation coefficient used with linear regression models). A simpler way to plot the model is to make use of ggplots stat_smooth function. dat <- data.frame(sign = rep(c(0,1), 200), resp = rnorm(400, sd=20)), ggplot(dat, aes(resp, sign)) + geom_smooth(method = "glm", family="binomial", colour='black', size=1.5), You can also do this by hand, with slightly more difficulty, by usingpredict() on the results of the glm() and using geom_line() andgeom_ribbon(), > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the ggplot2> mailing list.> Please provide a reproducible example: http://gist.github.com/270442> > To post: email ggp@googlegroups.com> To unsubscribe: email ggplot2+u@googlegroups.com> More options: http://groups.google.com/group/ggplot2, You do not have permission to delete messages in this group, Either email addresses are anonymous for this group or you need the view member email addresses permission to view the original message. 4.4 Geoms can transform data 4.5 Frequency plots the slightly awkward way 4.6 Histograms and density plots 4.7 Avoid transformations when necessary 4.8 Where to go next 5 Graph tables, add labels, make notes 5.1 Use pipes to summarize data 5.2 Continuous variables by group or category 5.3 Plot text directly 5.4 Label outliers Save questions or answers and organize your favorite content. Such a shape is called a logistic curve. where \(P_{coast}\) is the probability of a county being on the coast. civil agreement between parents; journal of esthetic dentistry; salty pancakes filling; stata multiple roc curves stata multiple roc curves What is rate of emission of heat from a body in space? In our example this translates to the probability of a county being on the coast given its median per capita income value. The working steps on logistic regression follow certain term elements like: Below are some example of Logistic Regression in R: For this article, we are going to use a dataset Weekly in RStudio. Hidden chapter requirements used in the book to set the plotting theme and load packages used in hidden code chunks: For this section well use the following packages: To illustrate logistic regression concepts well use the employee attrition data: ---
title: "Chapter 5: Logisitic Regression"
output: html_notebook
---

__Note__: Some results may differ from the hard copy book due to the changing of sampling procedures introduced in R 3.6.0. See http://bit.ly/35D1SW7 for more details. Access and run the source code for this notebook [here](https://rstudio.cloud/project/801185). 

Hidden chapter requirements used in the book to set the plotting theme and load packages used in hidden code chunks:

```{r setup}
# Set the graphical theme
ggplot2::theme_set(ggplot2::theme_light())

# Set global knitr chunk options
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  fig.align = "center",
  fig.height = 3.5
)
```

## Prerequisites

For this section we'll use the following packages:

```{r 08-pkgs, message=FALSE}
# Helper packages
library(dplyr)     # for data wrangling
library(ggplot2)   # for awesome plotting
library(rsample)   # for data splitting

# Modeling packages
library(caret)     # for logistic regression modeling

# Model interpretability packages
library(vip)       # variable importance
```

To illustrate logistic regression concepts we'll use the employee attrition data:

```{r logit-data-import}
df <- attrition %>% mutate_if(is.ordered, factor, ordered = FALSE)

# Create training (70%) and test (30%) sets for the 
# rsample::attrition data.
set.seed(123)  # for reproducibility
churn_split <- initial_split(df, prop = .7, strata = "Attrition")
churn_train <- training(churn_split)
churn_test  <- testing(churn_split)
```


## Why logistic regression

Figure 5.1:

```{r whylogit, echo=TRUE, fig.height=3, fig.width=8, fig.cap="Comparing the predicted probabilities of linear regression (left) to logistic regression (right). Predicted probabilities using linear regression results in flawed logic whereas predicted values from logistic regression will always lie between 0 and 1."}
p1 <- ISLR::Default %>%
  mutate(prob = ifelse(default == "Yes", 1, 0)) %>%
  ggplot(aes(balance, prob)) +
  geom_point(alpha = .15) +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm") +
  ggtitle("Linear regression model fit") +
  xlab("Balance") +
  ylab("Probability of Default")

p2 <- ISLR::Default %>%
  mutate(prob = ifelse(default == "Yes", 1, 0)) %>%
  ggplot(aes(balance, prob)) +
  geom_point(alpha = .15) +
  geom_smooth(method = "glm", method.args = list(family = "binomial")) +
  ggtitle("Logistic regression model fit") +
  xlab("Balance") +
  ylab("Probability of Default")

gridExtra::grid.arrange(p1, p2, nrow = 1)
```

## Simple logistic regression

```{r glm-model1}
model1 <- glm(Attrition ~ MonthlyIncome, family = "binomial", data = churn_train)
model2 <- glm(Attrition ~ OverTime, family = "binomial", data = churn_train)
```

Figure 5.2:

```{r glm-sigmoid, echo=TRUE, fig.width=8, fig.height=3, fig.cap="Predicted probablilities of employee attrition based on monthly income (left) and overtime (right). As monthly income increases, `model1` predicts a decreased probability of attrition and if employees work overtime `model2` predicts an increased probability."}
churn_train2 <- churn_train %>% mutate(prob = ifelse(Attrition == "Yes", 1, 0))
churn_train2 <- broom::augment(model2, churn_train2) %>% mutate(.fitted = exp(.fitted))

p1 <- ggplot(churn_train2, aes(MonthlyIncome, prob)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.15) +
  geom_smooth(method = "glm", method.args = list(family = "binomial")) +
  ggtitle("Predicted probabilities for model1") +
  xlab("Monthly Income") +
  ylab("Probability of Attrition")

p2 <- ggplot(churn_train2, aes(OverTime, .fitted, color = OverTime)) +
  geom_boxplot(show.legend = FALSE) +
  geom_rug(sides = "b", position = "jitter", alpha = 0.2, show.legend = FALSE) +
  ggtitle("Predicted probabilities for model2") +
  xlab("Over Time") +
  scale_y_continuous("Probability of Attrition", limits = c(0, 1))

gridExtra::grid.arrange(p1, p2, nrow = 1)
```

```{r}
tidy(model1)
tidy(model2)
```

```{r convert-odds-probs}
exp(coef(model1))
exp(coef(model2))
```

```{r coef-confint}
confint(model1)  # for odds, you can use `exp(confint(model1))`
confint(model2)
```

## Multiple logistic regression

```{r glm-model3}
model3 <- glm(
  Attrition ~ MonthlyIncome + OverTime,
  family = "binomial", 
  data = churn_train
  )

tidy(model3)
```

Figure 5.3:

```{r glm-sigmoid2, echo=TRUE, fig.width=6, fig.height=3, fig.cap="Predicted probability of attrition based on monthly income and whether or not employees work overtime."}
churn_train3 <- churn_train %>% mutate(prob = ifelse(Attrition == "Yes", 1, 0))
churn_train3 <- broom::augment(model3, churn_train3) %>% mutate(.fitted = exp(.fitted))

ggplot(churn_train3, aes(MonthlyIncome, prob, color = OverTime)) +
  geom_point(alpha = .15) +
  geom_smooth(method = "glm", method.args = list(family = "binomial"), se = FALSE) +
  ggtitle("Predicted probabilities for model3") +
  xlab("Monthly Income") +
  ylab("Probability of Attrition")
```


## Assessing model accuracy

```{r mult-models-logistic}
set.seed(123)
cv_model1 <- train(
  Attrition ~ MonthlyIncome, 
  data = churn_train, 
  method = "glm",
  family = "binomial",
  trControl = trainControl(method = "cv", number = 10)
)

set.seed(123)
cv_model2 <- train(
  Attrition ~ MonthlyIncome + OverTime, 
  data = churn_train, 
  method = "glm",
  family = "binomial",
  trControl = trainControl(method = "cv", number = 10)
)

set.seed(123)
cv_model3 <- train(
  Attrition ~ ., 
  data = churn_train, 
  method = "glm",
  family = "binomial",
  trControl = trainControl(method = "cv", number = 10)
)

# extract out of sample performance measures
summary(
  resamples(
    list(
      model1 = cv_model1, 
      model2 = cv_model2, 
      model3 = cv_model3
    )
  )
)$statistics$Accuracy
```

```{r glm-confusion-matrix}
# predict class
pred_class <- predict(cv_model3, churn_train)

# create confusion matrix
confusionMatrix(
  data = relevel(pred_class, ref = "Yes"), 
  reference = relevel(churn_train$Attrition, ref = "Yes")
)
```

```{r logistic-regression-roc, fig.width=6, fig.height=4.5, fig.cap="ROC curve for cross-validated models 1 and 3. The increase in the AUC represents the 'lift' that we achieve with model 3.", message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
library(ROCR)

# Compute predicted probabilities
m1_prob <- predict(cv_model1, churn_train, type = "prob")$Yes
m3_prob <- predict(cv_model3, churn_train, type = "prob")$Yes

# Compute AUC metrics for cv_model1 and cv_model3
perf1 <- prediction(m1_prob, churn_train$Attrition) %>%
  performance(measure = "tpr", x.measure = "fpr")
perf2 <- prediction(m3_prob, churn_train$Attrition) %>%
  performance(measure = "tpr", x.measure = "fpr")

# Plot ROC curves for cv_model1 and cv_model3
plot(perf1, col = "black", lty = 2)
plot(perf2, add = TRUE, col = "blue")
legend(0.8, 0.2, legend = c("cv_model1", "cv_model3"),
       col = c("black", "blue"), lty = 2:1, cex = 0.6)
```

```{r pls-logistic-regression, fig.height=3.5, fig.width=6, fig.cap="The 10-fold cross-validation RMSE obtained using PLS with 1--16 principal components."}
# Perform 10-fold CV on a PLS model tuning the number of PCs to 
# use as predictors
set.seed(123)
cv_model_pls <- train(
  Attrition ~ ., 
  data = churn_train, 
  method = "pls",
  family = "binomial",
  trControl = trainControl(method = "cv", number = 10),
  preProcess = c("zv", "center", "scale"),
  tuneLength = 16
)

# Model with lowest RMSE
cv_model_pls$bestTune

# Plot cross-validated RMSE
ggplot(cv_model_pls)
```

## Feature interpretation

```{r glm-vip, fig.cap="Top 20 most important variables for the PLS model."}
vip(cv_model3, num_features = 20)
```

Figure 5.7:

```{r glm-pdp, echo=TRUE, fig.height=5, fig.width=7, fig.cap="Partial dependence plots for the first four most important variables.  We can see how the predicted probability of attrition changes for each value of the influential predictors."}
pred.fun <- function(object, newdata) {
  Yes <- mean(predict(object, newdata, type = "prob")$Yes)
  as.data.frame(Yes)
}

p1 <- pdp::partial(cv_model3, pred.var = "OverTime", pred.fun = pred.fun) %>% 
  autoplot(rug = TRUE) + ylim(c(0, 1))

p2 <- pdp::partial(cv_model3, pred.var = "JobSatisfaction", pred.fun = pred.fun) %>% 
  autoplot() + ylim(c(0, 1))

p3 <- pdp::partial(cv_model3, pred.var = "NumCompaniesWorked", pred.fun = pred.fun, gr = 10) %>% 
  autoplot() + scale_x_continuous(breaks = 0:9) + ylim(c(0, 1))
  

p4 <- pdp::partial(cv_model3, pred.var = "EnvironmentSatisfaction", pred.fun = pred.fun) %>% 
  autoplot() + ylim(c(0, 1))

grid.arrange(p1, p2, p3, p4, nrow = 2)
```

```{r}
# clean up
rm(list = ls())
```

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From the package gdata regression soo genies, mainly because: the one we be... `` poisson '' woops, i meant to say family = `` poisson '' problems of any model... Analysis could be implemented model context stat_smooth ( ) showing up on my graph ( 1 answer Closed... Will be created ocean or not the county borders the ocean or not the county borders the or. The Income predictor variable ) to be converted into probabilities makes the logistic regression soo genies, mainly:. ) for which variables will be using generates the relationship in flipping the relationship a logistic model context be than... Into probabilities makes the logistic regression soo genies, mainly because: ( x i ; ) = (... To plot the model with the Income predictor variable ) to be smaller than of! Recommend avoiding publishing R2 since it can be misinterpreted in a logistic model context y. Comes to addresses after slash current model does not improve on the coast neither player force. 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Not the county borders the ocean or not the county borders the ocean or not ) after?! Avoiding publishing R2 since it can be misinterpreted in a logistic model context the Income predictor )... Avoiding publishing R2 since it can be misinterpreted in a logistic model context model is to use the mapLevels from!
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