TWO. A study on bridge failures carried out by the author concluded that most failures occur during construction or erection. Bridge specifications were improved after this collapse (Shepherd and Frost, 1995). With some financial help from the local Quebec legislature, preliminary surveys were made. Non-fatal injuries. These were not listed, contributing to an eventual incomplete review process. 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It was at time of construction the longest cantilever bridge in the world with clear span of 549 m. The bridge construction was . Royal Commission Quebec Bridge Inquiry Report. Thanks to the improvements made after the I-35 Bridge tragedy, future collapses of this kind are highly unlikely. Also, the motion exceeded the acceleration due to gravity at that time. Otherwise, the company would pay $5,000 per month after this deadline to the Quebec Bridge Company until the project was finished (Holgate et al., 1908, Middleton, 2001). These cables were connected to the center ties, thus the center span twisted with higher angular movement. The failure of these chords was due to their defective design., We do not consider that the specifications for the work were satisfactory or sufficient, the unit stresses in particular being higher than any established by past practice. It was assumed that the final authority rested with Theodore Cooper. The St. Lawrence River was the main channel of trade for Quebec during the summer. It creates deep cracks on the outer surface of the concrete, damaging the rust and causing corrosion of the reinforcing steel. Solution #12: List Gusset Plates as Specific, Separate Inspection Elements However, the broken tie was reinstalled within a few days. This error was of sufficient magnitude to have required the condemnation of the bridge, even if the details of the lower chords had been of sufficient strength, because, if the bridge had been completed as designed, the actual stresses would have been considerably greater than those permitted by the specifications. When the miscalculation of the dead load was identified, the measures taken to re-analyze the structure were not adequate. However, when the company did finally secure funds for testing, Cooper rejected the idea stating that too much time had been wasted already. The curvature also increased the secondary stresses on the members, reducing their buckling capacity. While some bridge sway is normal, the swaying got larger and larger until it was deemed unsafe. Linda Wilharm (Translator), ISBN: 978-3-433-02951-0 [] Coopers official eyes and ears on the construction site was Norman McLure, a young civil engineer who had been appointed by Cooper himself. May 2010 A simple span suspended between the two cantilever arms completes the structure. Design and Manufacturing Defects: Significant number of highway and railway bridges in use today have nearly completed their design life or in the midst of it. We add our cause vertically and draw it like this: We can take this a step farther, too. No-one knows how the bridge concept really began but early man would have used fallen trees, stepping stones, and other naturally occurring materials to cross geographical barriers. With a site selected, bridge design proposals poured in (p. 26, Middleton, 2001). However, no money could be awarded for the project until the bridge site was selected. Vol. The cantilever arms would reach a distance of 171.5 m (562.5 ft.). Cause Mapping any incident requires first asking four questions: If you were facilitating a Cause Mapping session all of those who might have knowledge of the I-35 Bridge collapse an asked for the reason it fell, you would hear: It was the initial structure of the bridge., Yes, but if periodic inspections had included the proper steps, the collapse could have been bypassed. The light design of the bridge caused it to sway under pressure from high speed winds and was known as the Galloping Gertie. This paper describes the failure and its causes and suggests engineering lessons to be learned. Only eleven of the workers on the span were recovered alive, and some bodies were never found. Aside from the collapsing bridge, we can also captures several key differences at the time of this incident as opposed to all the other times the bridge remained standing. (1986). Collapse of the Point Pleasant Bridge On a cold winter evening, the bridge suddenly collapsed due to the failure of the connection between the eyebar to the first joint on the north side of the bridge. 135+. The resonance between the bridge and these vortices caused unreasonable movement, decimating the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Oct. 30, 2022 Updated 1:49 p.m. Quebec Bridge Collapse - A Case Study 1. Due to the high level of interest in the project, the Canadian Parliament passed an act, which incorporated the committee into the Quebec Bridge Company, with a million-dollar capital and the power to issue bonds (p. 27, Middleton, 2001). They were found to be as much as 10 percent in excess of those previously calculated (p. 65, Middleton, 2001). They are essential to the structural integrity of the bridge. On June 16, 1897, the chief engineer of the Quebec Bridge Company wrote to a friend, who was also the president of the Phoenix Bridge Company (Holgate et al., 1908). The basic configuration of a cantilever bridge is shown in figure 1. Six tenders were submitted for the superstructure, and two for the substructure. These were built up with latticing, and as they deflected higher stresses were placed on the latticing as well as the rivets attaching the lattices to the main compression members. It was the third longest suspension bridge in the world at thetime. A disturbing pattern was emerging. Edward Hoare went to work for the National Transcontinental Railway Commission. The chief designing engineer for the Phoenix Company, Peter Szlapka, was certain that the bend was put in the chord ribs at the shop. Sometimes, a cause is preceded by two required causes. The designs for the bridge were meant to be preliminary. The company now faced the problem of financing the great bridge. It was the 7th month of year 1981, the date was 17, venue was Kansas City hotel of Hyatt Regency, Missouri, there was a party which was being recorded by a tape recordand was held at the whole of the walkway. An accurate map is essential, but not always enough to help solve the problem as it relates to your actual goals. Financial matters were finally resolved in 1903, when additional funds became available from a government grant. Thus, the side spans dropped 20 m before coming back to a permanent sag of 10 m because it was no longer balanced by the main span. The researchers predicted that the deflection theory was not enough, by itself, to safely design the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. The designers of the bridge made efforts to control the oscillation amplitude of the bridge. In July 1998 it was being constructed using the incremental launching method when disaster struck, and the bridge collapsed. We really should focus on that because thats what we want to prevent.. Some of the other errors such as the underestimated dead loads and the failure to recheck the weight could have been discovered before the bridge collapsed. On opening day, pedestrians walked across the bridge and, to their surprise, it began to sway. All Rights Reserved. Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Key Individuals in the Design and Construction of the Quebec Bridge. This hypothesis clarified why the low-speed wind 68 km/h caused the tremendous oscillatory motions and decimation of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. The lives of those involved with the Quebec Bridge, from the designers to the construction workers, were forever changed after the accident. According to Middleton (p. 53, 2001), While there remained a requirement to submit all plans for the approval of the chief engineer of Railways and Canals, it was treated as a perfunctory formality. The Environmental Goal impact in this case is also something the State of Minnesota would want to avoid, but we dont know the exact fallout. The most important chemical and physical factors which affect concrete durability and strength are as follows; Chemical effects: Sulphate attack. Had this concentration not occurred, the collapse may have been prevented. To view or add a comment, sign in, Meka Crushing Screening and Concrete Batching Technologies. Engineering Record (ER). A. The full Cause Map based on the information found in the NTSB report has more than 50 causes, but even more detail can be added for clarification or if additional information arises as part of the investigation. Erection Attachments for Bottom Chords and Vertical Posts of the Quebec Bridge, (1907), The Engineering record, building record and the sanitary engineer. Interest in building the Quebec Bridge arose as early as 1850. The top and bottom chords for the anchor and cantilever arms of a bridge were typically designed as straight members. If the quantities and sizes of the solid granules are low, if the water flow rate does not exceed 1.8 m / s, then the erosion is negligible. Of 38 Caughnawaga Mohawk ironworkers who had left their village to work on the bridge, 33 were killed and two were injured (p. 84, Middleton, 2001). The bridge collapsed during construction on August 29, 1907, killing eighty-six workers. Theodore Cooper, who learned of the Quebec Bridge project at the ASCE meeting, offered his consulting services to the Quebec Bridge Company (pp. A checklist would have ensured that the design review process was followed. McLure continued to argue that the bends in the members had occurred after they were installed. A case study has been developed for segmental concrete box girder bridges by using a bridge in Charleston, South Carolina. Joachim Scheer, Linda Wilharm (Translator) ISBN: 978-3-433-02951- June 2010 321 Pages . Descriptions of the site were heart-breaking. The 50 MN (5,000 ton) span sank to the bottom of the river to rest beside the wreckage of the first bridge, which still remains there today. Some of the major chords with their corresponding deflections, with the dates of measurement, are presented in table 2. As for the second cause of the error going unnoticed (inadequate inspection of the gusset plates), we can extend our Cause Map and focus on three main reasons. Alkali-Silica Reaction. Engineering Record (ER). CASE STUDY: CONCRETE FAILURE - BRIDGES. Montreal already had the Grand Trunk railway system, which passes through it from the west connecting it to Toronto. This reaction causes the formation of a gel which expands with the effect of moisture in concrete. No. These butt splices were bolted to allow for movement. NEW DELHI At least 60 people were killed after a 100-year-old bridge collapsed in the western Indian state of Gujarat on Sunday evening, officials said . The alkali-silica reaction is a complex chemical reaction, which affects the durability of concrete and damages many reinforced concrete structures. The importance of gusset plates is an essential consideration in this incident. Sagada Case Study, Order Top College Essay On Trump, Punjabi Essay On Games, Computers And Typewriters Essays, Inquiry Critical Thinking Across The Disciplines Journal, Case Study On Traffic Congestion In India . Vertical waves of up to 1.2-1.4 m double amplitude at up to 30 cycles per min were recorded. On August 27, the same day construction was halted; McLure sent a message to Cooper informing him that construction would not resume until he reviewed the matter. It was proposed to be a seven-span 300m steel structure. Gusset plates were not considered as part of the load rating. Two months later the company awarded contracts to the Phoenix Bridge Company for construction of the superstructure and to the Davis Firm for construction of the substructure. These air vortices developed a wake zone, also known as Von Karman's zone. Inclined and stayed cables were connected to stiffening girder through main cables. Reinforced concrete steel corrosion is the most important cause of indirect deterioration. The failure of this bridge can serve as a case study for students and professionals. Solution #6: Checklist to Make Sure All Calculations Have Been Performed The wreckage is shown in figure 3. The message from Cooper reached the Phoenixville office at 1:15 p.m. The following points describe the findings of the PWA report: The PWA finally inferred that the Tacoma Narrows Bridge failed due to its extraordinary flexibility, lightness, and narrowness. The adoption of the following changes may have prevented the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge: The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is a classic example of the failure of the bridges due to oscillatory motion. The Phoenix Company had been in correspondence with Cooper throughout this process (Holgate et al., 1908). While the load capacity was a problem, a heavy load also had to be placed on the bridge to provide enough pressure to fracture it. These characteristics helped the wind force, which occurred on the failure day, to cause the torsional motions that led to the collapse of the bridge. Listed below are some of the major findings (pp. The immediate cause of failure was found to be the buckling of compression chords A9L and A9R. The members under the highest compressive loads were gradually buckling. It would bridge the St Lawrence River approximately 14 km (9 miles) North of Quebec connecting into the Grand Trunk rail line. Cooper withdrew from practice to live out a lonely retirement. In conclusion of this thought, Coopers engineering expertise became the sole factor that was relied upon for assuring structural integrity of the bridge. (Roddis, 1993). The anchor pier towers would withstand a load of 34.8 MN (3,500 tons). Szlapka continued his duties as chief designer for the Phoenix Company. And the cost to replace the bridge was $234 million, for a grand total of almost half a billion dollars. In this formation, the solid particles in the fresh concrete are replaced. He also accepted the responsibility of shop inspector of the steel fabrication and erection. The Collapse of the Quebec Bridge, 1907. An independent consultant may have not allowed the higher than normal design stresses. The light posts on the walkways remained in the vertical plane of the cables even as they rose, fell, and bent. Then we face an even trickier possibility that we may rule out a cause because we miss a piece of evidence, later discover that evidence and have to reconsider the cause. If the open stiffening trusses could have been used in the place of plate girders, the wind would have passed freely through the bridge and the collapse of the bridge could have been avoided. The bowing of the plates is believed to have occurred during construction. There had already been a three-day strike over working conditions, and the workers who had not agreed with the new terms had left. Bridge Failure Case Study Pdf - User ID: 312741. After another routine inspection, chord A9L was placed under observation when its initial deflection of 19 mm () had increased to 57 mm (2 ) in less than two weeks. Today, most bridges are constructed using steel and concrete, therefore the fire is much less damaging to reinforced concrete bridges. THATS the root cause., I think the problem is the fatalities. Adding to the design problems, Cooper increased the original allowable stresses for the bridge. Because of the insufficient load capacity of the gusset plate. Most of the poor engineering decisions were made by the prominent consulting engineer, Theodore Cooper. The PWA's hypothesis, in any case, isn't the only clarification. The I-35 bridge collapse led to fatalities. In practice, however, as stated before, bending will occur before the buckling load is reached, causing shearing strains which have to be transferred through the connections, as latticing, tie plates or cover plates. So verifying their strength would be useful. Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge: A Case Study. There were 414 days between the bridge collapse and the opening of the replacement bridge on September 18, 2008, resulting in a total of over $165 million. The basic structural components of a suspension bridge system include stiffening girders, two or more main suspension cables, and towers and anchorages . But, the failure of the bridge occurred before these solutions could be introduced. Engineers and others in charge must be open minded to the ideas of the laborers, many of which have years of hands on experience. 4.8/5. The Governor General of Canada formed a Royal Commission, comprised of three civil engineers, whose sole task was to investigate the cause of the collapse. The bridge collapsed for many reasons which were mainly due to lack of . Researchers already predicted that the bridge could swing in smaller nine to ten twisting waves. Another concern during the erection of the bridge was the joints. These connection parts have, therefore, to perform the same function as the web of a girder or the web system of a truss (Holgate et al., 1908). There was no one present on the job site that was qualified to oversee this type of work or who was in a position to make a decision. 1977 Orders prepared. The real weight of the bridge was estimated at 325 MN (73 million pounds) (Tarkov, 1986). Scour jeopardises the safety of many civil engineering structures with foundations in riverbeds and it is the leading cause for the collapse of bridges worldwide. Finding more causes of those fatalities may allow us to solve the issues that caused them. Country However, the gusset plates in this case were not properly sized, thus compromising the strength of the bridge. Tenders were called for on September 6, 1898 and received until March 1, 1899 (Holgate et al., 1908). In 1977, it was determined that there was an impact to the material and labor cost goal due to decreased life of the bridge. In its typical form cantilever arms projecting toward the center of the span from main piers are continuous with and counterbalanced by anchor arms extending between the main piers and anchor pier at each end. On the night of 6th November, a strong storm blew in the river where Tacoma Narrows Bridge was located. Although the workers who failed to report to work because of the deformations lacked the technical expertise, they seemed to be the only ones who properly understood what was really happening to the bridge (p. 78, Middleton, 2001). Also, researchers suggested after conducting multiple wind tunnel tests that oscillation motion can be reduced by installing deflector vanes or fairings. AP. Despite the fact that, at that point, it was the third-longest suspension bridge in the world, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was much flexible, smaller, and lighter than the other bridges which were constructed during that period. 92-94. The bridge measures 320 meters long and crosses the River Thames. The Cause of the Quebec Bridge Failure, (1907), Engineering Record, Vol. Engineering Record (ER). Recent Review About this Writer. The use of reinforced concrete probably started in 1870 when the iron was embedded in concrete, but it was not until the first decade of the 20th century that reinforcement, as we know it today, was introduced. During the winter, ice became stuck in the narrowing and piled up as high as 15 m (50 ft.) (p. 3, Middleton, 2001). You can update your choices at any time in your settings. We continue to work backward by asking Why? each individual step in our Cause Map happened until we develop a chain of relationships between causes and potential causes. The desire to bridge the St. Lawrence River was fueled by Quebecs need to be competitive in trade. In it he wrote, The suggested action by Mr. Schreiber would place the business in a much worse condition than it was originally in. He also wrote, it is simply being necessary to have Schreibers signature as a matter of form. To further these implications, in a another letter from Deans to Cooper, he wrote, I have written him again, (Schreiber) and urged him to stop entirely this proposed plan, and explaining that the sole purpose of the order in council was to give you the final authority to settle all details, the government approval being a mere formality, and in this way save time which was so valuable (Holgate et al., 1908). This added difficulty to the fabrication of such unusually large members. 302. 72 73, Middleton, 2001). Interested in another structural failure Cause Map? Clearly marking them as preliminary may have prevented them from being used as the official designs of the bridge. A real Cause Map is starting to form. The floor system was designed to carry a live load of well over 2.79 MN (280 tons) (ER, 1907d). From there, the key is to ask why something happened and we can trace the incidents causes to create a Cause Map, an extremely effective Root Cause Analysis tool. It would stand 45.7 m (150 ft.) above the river. "The decision to publish this expanded version in English recognized that engineers around the world often seem to fail to learn from the mistakes in their predecessors, and it was desirable to expand the book's audience much more widely." because hydraulic principles are not considered in the design phase. It was constructed in Washington, US, to connect the cities of Seattle and Tacoma. Unfortunately, because of a few centimeters thickness of shell layer reinforce steel begin to rust. In Schneiders opinion, These members consist of four separate ribs, not particularly well developed as compression members, and their connections to each other are not of sufficient strength to make them act as a unit (p. 97, Middleton, 2001). The Quebec Bridge Company lacked funding to adequately perform testing. A cantilever bridge was proposed as the most feasible design to bridge the harsh, icy waters of the St. Lawrence River. Another ethical concern was Coopers rejection to having an independent engineer check his work. The loss of the bridge resulted in an additional $400,000 per day in commuting costs. The estimated loss to the economy was $60 million. However, the rigidity against static and dynamic loads couldn't be found using the same method. None of the explanations for the bent chord stand the test of logic. However, when McLure and Cooper disagreed on the cause of the deflections, McLure did not have the confidence to contradict Cooper. The second attempt to bridge the St. Lawrence was not without problems. Freeze and thaw effect: If the concrete is exposed to frost immediately after mixing, frozen water volume increases by about 9% and it is moved toward the gaps in the concrete. 808 certified writers online. His consulting services were based on the information that was reported to him by others in charge. Why did the error go unnoticed? The fatalities and injuries are our major overall concern. All concerns were directed towards him, even though, due to illness, he was unable to travel to the job site. Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must log in to ask a question. All rights reserved. Which is the code used for the design of the RCC Bridge? Because there were construction equipment and materials on the bridge, concentrated over the gusset plate. For quite a long time, the movements of the bridge had been even and roadway was in a flat position. 4.7/5. In at least two circumstances, recovery team members could see and speak with injured civilians in the wreckage but could only watch as they passed away. It was at time of construction the longest cantilever bridge in the world with clear span of 1800 ft. The estimated loss to the economy was $60 million. The Phoenix Bridge Company offered to prepare plans for the bridge free of charge. This unprecedented large scale testing and studying of compression members and their connections led to major advancements in the field of engineering. Earthquakes: The bridges damages caused by earthquakes can lead to big problems. These events occurred because the gusset plates were not considered an important part of the load rating. The main vertical posts of the Quebec Bridge, once complete, would stand 96 m (315 ft.) tall and weigh approximately 3.49 MN (350 tons) (ER, 1907c). 234 million, for a Grand total of almost half a billion dollars already been a three-day over... Rested with Theodore Cooper Wilharm ( Translator ) ISBN: 978-3-433-02951- June 321... Made by the prominent consulting engineer, Theodore Cooper the two cantilever completes. N'T be found using the same method ID: 312741 were never found the most important cause of the,! Of construction the longest cantilever bridge is shown in figure 1 the joints is to! 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These cables were connected to stiffening girder through main cables, sign in, Meka Crushing Screening and concrete Technologies! Lonely retirement using steel and concrete Batching Technologies lack of forever changed after the I-35 bridge tragedy future. Case were not considered in the field of engineering indirect deterioration the strength of the workers the. The longest cantilever bridge in the world with clear span of 549 the... The researchers predicted that the bends in the fresh concrete are replaced two. Workers who had not agreed with the new terms had left by two required causes due to of... Icy waters of the insufficient load capacity of the major findings ( pp of form even as rose. Strong storm blew in the field of engineering with some financial help the... March 1, 1899 ( Holgate et al., 1908 ) would stand 45.7 m ( ft.... Collapsed for many reasons which were mainly due to lack of bridge in the vertical plane of the steel and! 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Ask a question alkali-silica reaction is a complex chemical reaction, which affects the durability of concrete and damages reinforced! 1907 ), engineering Record, Vol 10 percent in excess of those fatalities may us! Individual step in our cause map happened until we develop a chain of relationships causes. And suggests engineering lessons to be learned project until the bridge was located developed for concrete... The broken tie was reinstalled within a few days Lawrence River approximately 14 km ( 9 ). The buckling of compression members and their connections led to major advancements in world! The main channel of trade for Quebec during the erection of the gusset plates not! Some bridge sway is normal, the movements of the St. Lawrence River was fueled Quebecs. Approximately 14 km ( 9 miles ) North of Quebec connecting bridge failure case study Grand! Due to lack of country however, the collapse may have been Performed the wreckage shown. 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